Duduli

Answer:-

Radioactivity of a radioactive substance is said to be one Rutherford, if it's atoms disintegrate at the rate of 10⁶ disintegration per second.     1 Rutherford = 10⁶ dps(disintegration per second)

Binary adder is a logic circuit which perform binary addition. Binary adders are of two types          1. Half adder          2. Full adder 

The data & instructions entered into the computer system through input units have to be stored inside the computer before actual processing starts similarly the final results of the computations are also needed to be stored on to memory before passing them to the output units.This storage component of computer is known as memory unit.

It is the nervous system of a computer. Control unit generates the electrical signals to control & co-ordinate the functioning of other units. It tells the input unit when to feed data into the memory. It tells the output unit when to accept data from memory & supply to user. It also tells arithmetic logic unit (ALU) when & what to be done with data.

The pressure, volume & Temperature of a gas corresponding to critical point are called critical constants & are known as critical pressure, critical volume & critical temperature.

Binding energy is defined as the amount of energy required to break the nucleus.    Binding energy B = ∆m × 931Mev

This is main processing unit of computer it may be called as “Brain of computer ”. All the operations on data are performed by this unit. It consists of 3 parts a) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) b) memory unit (MU) c) control unit ( CU )

The data & instructions entered by the input unit is processed by CPU after processing, result must be supplied to the user this task is done by output unit. Thus job of the output unit is reverse to that of input unit. It gives result to the outside world & it also links the computer with external environment. Some example of output devices are visual display unit (VDU) , printer , Graph plotters , card punch  , paper tape punch etc.

It is the part of computer through which user communicates with the computer. In other words input unit acts as an interface between user & computer for any type of computation to be performed through computer data/command/instruction must be entered to it. This task is carried out by input unit or device.   e.g  Keyboard,mouse, light pen, joystick, punch card reader, touch sensitive screen 

Variation of current with bias voltage is called characteristic of pn junction. Forward biased pn junction is a low resistance instrument while reverse biased pn junction is a high resistance instrument.

It is defined as the voltage available at the output terminal of an op-amp when no input signal voltage is applied. For ideal op-amp output offset voltage is zero while for practical op-amp the output offset voltage is non-zero.    

Extrinsic semiconductor is formed when some impurities added to pure form of semiconductor. The process of increase in conductivity by adding some impurity in small amount is called doping. Extrinsic semiconductor will be obtain by adding trivalent or pentavalent element to Germanium crystal. Therefore extrinsic semiconductor can be classified into two categories                  1. N-type semiconductor                  2. P-type semiconductor 

The pure form of the semiconductor is called intrinsic semiconductor. At absolute zero these are insulators. Conductivity depends upon temperature & increases with temperature.

An algebraic structure (G, *) is called a semi group if the binary operation * satisfies associative property i.e     [G1]        (a*b) * c = a * (b*c) , ∀ a ∈ G

The number of elements in a finite group is called the order of the group. It is denoted by O(G) ,G stands for group  If (G,*) is an infinite group, then it is called to be of infinite order.

A semi group is called monoid if there exists an identity element ‘e’ in G such that;          [G2]         e *  a = a * e = a ,   ∀ a ∈ G    Where,.  *    is  mathematical operation 

It is defined as the frequency at which magnitude of high frequency voltage gain is equal to the 1/√2 of mid frequency voltage gain.

The modern cathode ray oscilloscope provides a powerful tool for solving problems in electrical measurements. some important applications of CRO are,   1. Examination of waveforms   2. Voltage measurement   3. Frequency measurement   4. Current measurement   5. Measurement of phase difference 

It is an integrated circuit which contains 10 to 100 transistors and 10 gates with in a single package & performs digital operations like adder, decoders, counters, & multiplexer.

Discrete means separate . Before the advent of integrated circuits all components active or passive were discrete . Discrete components are widely used in amplifiers & other electronic products that use large amounts of current.       e.g   Diode, Transistor, Resistor, capacitor & inductor 

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

Those devices or components which do not require any external power source to operate in a electronics circuit  are called passive components or devices.       e.g Resistor, capacitor,inductor etc.

Those devices or components which require an external source of power to operate in a circuit are called active components.    e.g   Diode, Transistor, & SCR(silicon controlled rectifier)

The relation among any three of thermodynamics variables is called equation of state. → Equation of state for one mole of ideal gas is                         PV=RT

Conductivity of the conductor or semiconductor is defined as the current density per unit electric field.         i e       σ=J/E    Where,  σ = conductivity                  J = current density                  E = Electric field 

Lewis introduced the concept of fugacity for representing the actual behaviour of real gases which is different from that of the ideal gases. For this, he made use of free energy functions G.

In case of compounds having a double or triple bond, the pair of π-electrons gets completely transferred to the more electronegative element under the influence of an attacking reagent. For example, when CN - attacks the carbon of the carbonyl group, electron pair of the z-bond gets completely transferred to the oxygen atom as shown below :

It has been found that when two enantiomers of a substance are mixed in exactly equal amounts, then the mixture so obtained is optically inactive. When plane polarized light is passed through the aqueous solution of this mixture, then the rotation due to one isomer in one direction cancels the rotation due to the other isomer in the other direction, such an optically inactive mixture is called racemic mixture or racemic modification or racemlsation.

Osmosis is defined as the flow of the molecules (molecules of solvent) from the solution of lower concentration towards the solution of higher concentration when both are separated by semipermeable membrane.

In a phase shift oscillator, a phase shift of 180⁰ is introduced due to the phase shift circuit. A further phase shift of 180⁰ is introduced due to the transistor properties. Thus, energy supplied back to the tank circuit is assured of correct phase.