Integrated rate law Expression for zero order reaction
Answer:-
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cannizzaros reaction.
Aldehydes having no alpha hydrogen atom when heated with conc. alkali like NaOH undergo self oxidation and reduction to form sodium d-carboxylic acid & alcohol. It is called cannizziros reaction. It is also called disproportion reaction.
Resonance energy.
Resonance energy is the energy that helps in determining the delocalized electrons present in any molecules where a single Lewis structure cannot specifically express the bonding.
exo-osmosis.
Outward osmotic flow of water from a cell containing an aqueous solution through a semipermeable membrane is known as exo osmosis. e.g. an egg (after removing hard shell) placed in conc. NaCl solution is called exo osmosis.
fugacity.
Lewis introduced the concept of fugacity for representing the actual behaviour of real gases which is different from that of the ideal gases. For this, he made use of free energy functions G.
what is electromeric effect with example ?
In case of compounds having a double or triple bond, the pair of π-electrons gets completely transferred to the more electronegative element under the influence of an attacking reagent. For example, when CN - attacks the carbon of the carbonyl group, electron pair of the z-bond gets completely transferred to the oxygen atom as shown below :
Racemic mixture.
It has been found that when two enantiomers of a substance are mixed in exactly equal amounts, then the mixture so obtained is optically inactive. When plane polarized light is passed through the aqueous solution of this mixture, then the rotation due to one isomer in one direction cancels the rotation due to the other isomer in the other direction, such an optically inactive mixture is called racemic mixture or racemic modification or racemlsation.
osmosis.
Osmosis is defined as the flow of the molecules (molecules of solvent) from the solution of lower concentration towards the solution of higher concentration when both are separated by semipermeable membrane.
Bond enthalpy.
Bond energy or enthalpy of a given bond is defined as the average of energies required to dissociate one mole of said bond present in different gaseous compounds into free atoms or radicals in the gaseous state. The word 'average' in the definition of bond energy is used because the bond energy of a particular bond is not the same when present in different compounds. Therefore, an average value is taken. For example, the O—H bond energy in water molecule is the average of the two bond dissociation energies.
Reaction quotient.
It is the ratio between the product of the concentrations of product species to that of the reactant species at any stage of the reversible reaction other than equilibrium.
Hydrogen bonding.
With hydrogen atom as the positive end of the dipole, if bonds arise as a result of electrostatic attraction between atoms, it is known as hydrogen bonding.
Isoelectronic principle.
“Isoelectronic molecular species (I.e species having same number of atoms and same number of total valence electrons) have similar molecular orbitals and similar molecular structure.”
Bond order.
It is defined as the number of covalent bonds in a molecule.Bond order is equal to one half of the difference between the number of electrons in the bonding (Nb) and anti-bonding (Na) molecular orbitals. I.e Bond order =1/2 (Nb-Na)
Gram molecular weight.
Answer:- It is the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams or it is the weight in grams which is numerically equal to its molecular weight.It is also called gram molecule or simply one mole of a substance.
Dulong and Petit's law.
Answer:- It states that “the product of atomic weight and specific heat of an element is approximately equal to 6.4.” Mathematically, Atomic weight × Specific heat = 6.4
Atomic weight.
Answer:- It is the average relative weight of an atom of an element as compared to the weight of carbon taken as 12. It has no units. However, it is expressed in a.m.u. which only signifies that it is taken on atomic mass unit scale.
Diagonal relationship.
Answer:- Elements present in the second and third periods show diagonal relationship with each other, i.e, they resemble each other.For example, Li, Be and B resemble Mg, Al and Si respectively.
Allotropy.
Answer:- It is the property by virtue of which an element may exist in two or more forms which have different physical properties but almost similar chemical properties.
Buckminster fullerene.
Answer:- In 1985, it was found that action of laser beams on graphite produced a spherical molecule made of 60 carbon atoms covalently bonded together.It is now called Buckminster fullerene.It is named after the American architect Buckminster fuller, who designed domed structures with the same geometry.
S-block element.
Answer:- Those elements (except He) in which last electron enters into the s-subshell of the outermost main energy level, are called S-block element.