Duduli

(i) Cyclotron is used in nuclear reactions.High speed particles produced in cyclotron act as bombarding agent to carry out nuclear reactions to produce new particles. (ii) The accelerated charged particles are used in artificial transmutation of elements. (iii) The cyclotron is used to implant the particles in solids to modify their properties. (iv) Cyclotron is used in hospitals to produce different radioactive nuclei.

Tandem accelerator is a modified form of Van de graaff accelerator.The Van de graaff accelerator is a single stage accelerator while Tandem accelerator is a two stage accelerator.The output energy is double in comparison of Van de graaff accelerator with the same operating voltage.

Van de graaff generator is used to produce a parallel homogeneous beam of charged particles like electrons, protons,α-particles etc. It was developed by van de graaff in 1931 at Princeton university, USA. Principle :- The instrument is based on the following two facts: (i) If a charged conductor is brought into internal contact with a hollow conductor, all of its charge transfers to the hollow conductor, no matter how high is potential of the latter. (ii) The discharge of electricity  occurs readily at pointed objects (corona points).