Duduli

Aldehydes having no alpha hydrogen atom when heated with conc. alkali like NaOH undergo self oxidation and reduction to form sodium d-carboxylic acid & alcohol. It is called cannizziros reaction. It is also called disproportion reaction.

Resonance energy is the energy that helps in determining the delocalized electrons present in any molecules where a single Lewis structure cannot specifically express the bonding.

In case of compounds having a double or triple bond, the pair of π-electrons gets completely transferred to the more electronegative element under the influence of an attacking reagent. For example, when CN - attacks the carbon of the carbonyl group, electron pair of the z-bond gets completely transferred to the oxygen atom as shown below :

It has been found that when two enantiomers of a substance are mixed in exactly equal amounts, then the mixture so obtained is optically inactive. When plane polarized light is passed through the aqueous solution of this mixture, then the rotation due to one isomer in one direction cancels the rotation due to the other isomer in the other direction, such an optically inactive mixture is called racemic mixture or racemic modification or racemlsation.

Answer:- If the shared pair of electrons is distributed unequally between the two bonded atoms,then the bond fission is known as heterolytic bond fission.

Answer:- If the shared pair of electrons is distributed equally between two bonded atoms, the bond fission is known as the homolytic bond fission such a fission is shown by fish hook or half headed curved arrow.

Answer:- When the same molecular formula represents two or more structural formulae which differ in the position of substituents, functional group or multiple bond, then such structures are called position isomers and the phenomenon as position Isomerism.

Answer:- When the atoms or the groups attached to the two chiral atoms are different, this gives rise to a new pair of molecules, called diastereo isomers.

Answer:- The reason is that the formation of alkoxide ion is not favoured as it is not resonance stabilised.Its formation requires more energy.Phenoxide ion, being more stable is easily formed.Hence phenol is much more acidic than alcohol.

Answer:- In this type of isomerism, the isomers possess the same structural arrangement but differ in the relative spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around the carbon atom.

Answer:- A crude oil found under the earth's crust is called petroleum.A large number of organic compounds like saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons are derived from it.

Answer:- In this type of Isomerism, the isomers differ in the nature of the alkyl groups attached to the same functional group.Ethers, ketones and secondary amines can represent metamers.

Answer:- In this type of Isomerism, the isomers exist in dynamic equilibrium with eachother.When a ketone and enol isomers exist in equilibrium, this type is called keto-enol tautomerism.For keto-enol tautomerism, there should be an alpha hydrogen atom in the carbonyl compound.

Answer:- When plane polarized light is passed through a substance, it may or may not rotate the plane of the plane polarized light.The substance which does not rotate the plane of the plane polarized light is known as optically inactive compound, while a substance which rotates the plane of the plane polarized light is known as optically active compound.

Answer:- In case of compounds having a double or triple bond, the pair of π-electrons gets completely transferred to the more electronegative element under the influence of an attacking reagent.I.e complete transfer of a shared pair of electrons of a multiple bond to one of the bonded atoms under the influence  of the attacking reagent is known as the electromeric effect.

Answer:- This effect was thought to be spatial effect brought into play by mechanistic interference between groups and is known as steric hindrance.Steric hindrance arises due to the geometry of the reactant molecule.

Answer:- It has been found that some organic compounds are also optically active even though they do not contain any chiral carbon atom, are called atrpoisomerism.

Answer:- If an atom or a group is replaced by another atom or group in an optically active compound, then the product formed has different configuration as compared to the original one.In fact, the configuration gets inverted.It is called Walden inversion.

Answer:- These are defined as the compounds which contain two or more chiral carbon atoms and are optically inactive due to the presence of the plane of symmetry.The optical inactivity in meso compounds is due to internal compensation.In such compounds, the rotation due to one half of the molecule is cancelled by the rotation due to other half of the molecule in the opposite direction.The net rotation in meso compounds is zero.

Answer:- The carbon atom to which all the four atoms or groups attached are different is called asymmetric or chiral carbon atom.It is also called stereogenic centre.