Duduli

Reason:- Nitrogen with n=2 have only s & p orbitals.it does not have d orbital to expands it's covalence beyond four. That is why it doesn't form penthalides.but phosphorus have vacant d orbital in their valence shell so it forms pentahalides. Are you satisfied by this answer.

Answer:- The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from the valence shell of an isolated gaseous neutral atom is called ionisation enthalpy or energy. Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group due to gradual increase in atomic size.down the group effective nuclear force decreases on valence electron so ionisation enthalpy is less as compared to top elements of that group.

The tendency of an atom to attract bond pair of electrons towards it's self is called electronegativity. Electronegativity value in general decreases down the group with increase in atomic size.however amongst the heavier elements the order is not that much pronounced. fluorine is most electronegativity element in periodic table while ceasium & francium are least electronegativity element.

Answer:- Ferrimagnetism is observed when the magnetic moments of the domains in the substances are aligned in parallel and antiparallel directions in unequal number. I.e they are weakly attracted by magnetic field as compared to ferromagnetism substances.on heating These are became paramagnetism. e.g fe3o4 etc. Are you satisfied by this answer

Answer:- Metal ions in antiferromagnetic substances are placed in several small regions called domains. But their domains are oppositely oriented and cancel out each other's magnetic moments.i.e e.g MnO show antiferromagnetism. Are you satisfied by this answer

Answer:- These substances are strongly attracted by magnetic field. metel ions in ferromagnetic substances are grouped together into several small regions called domains .each domain act as a tiny magnet. In an unmagnetised piece of ferromagnetic substance the domains are randomly oriented and their magnetic moments get cancelled.when the substance is placed in magnetic field all the domains get oriented in the direction of magnetic field and A strong magnetic effect is produced this is the reason why ferromagnetic substances are strongly attracted by magnetic field.this ordering of domains persist even when the magnetic field is removed. So the ferromagnetic substances are permanently  magnetised. e.g iron,Cobalt,nickel etc.

Answer:- Diamagnetic substances are weakly repelled by magnetic field.they are weakly magnetised in a magnetic field in opposite direction.diamagnetic character is shown by those substances which have no unpaired electrons and have all paired electrons.pairing electrons cancel their magnetic moments and they loss their magnetic property so these are called diamagnetic substances. e.g Water,NaCl, benzene etc. Are you satisfied by this Answer

Answer:- These substances are weakly attracted by manetic field.they are magnetised in the direction of magnetic field.they lose their magnetism in the absence of magnetic field. Paramagnetism is due to presence of one or more unpaired electrons which are attracted weakly towards manetic field. e.g Oxygen,cu^2+,fe^3+,cr^3+ etc. Are you satisfied by this answer

Answer:- Depending upon the magnetic property their are five  types of magnetic substances, i.e A. Paramagnetic substances B.Diamagnetic substances C.Ferromagnetic substances D.Antiferromagnetic substances E.Ferrimagnetic substances

Answer:- Carbon atom on which functional group is directly attached Is called alpha carbon and the carbon atom adjacent to alpha carbon atom is called beta carbon. and similarly carbon atom adjacent to beta carbon is called   gama carbon and so on. 

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Definition:- It is defined as the amount of energy acquired by an electron when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1volt. Mathematically , The value of 1ev can be derived by the following method 

Answer:- Conservative field is a vector field whose line integrals are independent of the path that means workdone in carrying a point charge from one point to another point is such a field does not depends upon the path  along which the point charge is carried . e.g Electrostatic field & Gravitational field Are you satisfied by this answer

Answer:- Relative permitivity of the given medium is defined as the ratio between permitivity of the given medium to the permitivity of free space. I.e

An ideal electric dipole is one whose charge tends to infinity while the separation between them tends to zero. Mathematically,

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We know same charge repels while opposite charge attracts by each other.electric field lines or electric lines of force is a imaginary force which connect the two opposite charges.if we place a unity positive text charge and a negative charge they are attracted by each other due to electric lines of force. direction of electric lines of force may be positive to negative or negative to positive .but for our easier calculation we generally consider electric lines of force from positive to negative ( which is the standard statement).

Reason:- T he capacity of earth is very large.therefore,any amount of charge added to it or taken away from it does not bring about a change in it's potential.therefore,earth is always considered to be at zero potential.look at the mathematical derivation of Earth's zero potential any body connected to earth shall also be at zero potential.the above explanation is the answer to the question why Earth's potential considered to be zero.

Reason:- We know charge resides only on the surface of the conductor so the charge inside the conductor is zero this implaies electric field inside the conductor is zero. i.e

We know conductor is neutral i.e it has equal no. Proton & electron . if we place a charge inside a conductor then it surrounded by their opposite charge to balance that charge and charge inside the conductor became zero and correspondingly their is a charge separation occur in the surface of conductor it is the reason why charge resides only on the surface of the conductor.

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We know conductor have free electrons before the equilibrium state. if their is a some potential difference in the surface of conductor then free electrons move their to balance the charge and the  surface became equipotential in the equilibrium state. and it take nano seconds so we say generally surface of conductor is equipotential at equilibrium state.

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Electrophoresis:- To determine charge on colloidal particles we study electrophoresis experiment. Definition: The movement of colloidal particles under an applied electric potential is called electrophoresis . In this experiment positively charged colloidal particles move towards cathode and negativity charged colloidal particles move towards anode and we can easily determine which colloidal particles are positively or negativity charged. Electroosmosis:- When electrophoresis i.e movement of particles is prevented by some suitable means, it is observed that the dispersion medium begins to move in the direction of electric field (anode to cathode).this phenomenon is called electroosmosis.

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Reason: it is occur due to resonating structures of haloarene.look at the resonating sructures of phinyl chloride (We concluded Ortho and para positions with respect to halogen atom) from above resonating structures it is clear that its Ortho and para positions have maximum electron density.so its Ortho & para  positions attack electrophile(which have positive sign in it). e.g it is the answer to the question why haloaren shows electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction only at Ortho & para positions. Ok

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