Duduli

Answer:- The phenomenon of self diffusion is due to the transport of mass from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration to bring about an equilibrium.

Answer:- In 1985, it was found that action of laser beams on graphite produced a spherical molecule made of 60 carbon atoms covalently bonded together.It is now called Buckminster fullerene.It is named after the American architect Buckminster fuller, who designed domed structures with the same geometry.

Answer:- A determinant which is defined for a finite number of functions of the same number of variables and in which each row consists of the first partial derivatives of the same function with respect to each of the variables is called Jacobian. e.g Jacobian of (u,v)/(x,y) is

Answer:- An adiabatic process is one in which there is no exchange of heat between system and surroundings i.e in adiabatic process,the total heat of system remains constant.

Answer:- The process in which temperature remains constant is called the isothermal process. In an isothermal process, there is no change in internal kinetic energy of the system.

Answer:- Those elements (except He) in which last electron enters into the s-subshell of the outermost main energy level, are called S-block element.

Answer:- Flux is a ward which is used in connection with something flowing across any cross-section, such as flux of air or flux of water.In case of electric field, electric lines of force can be imagined to be flowing across the given surface.Hence the name electric flux.

Answer:- It is defined as the number of parts of calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate equivalent to various calcium and magnesium salts present in million parts (10⁶parts) of water by mass.It is expressed in ppm(parts per million).

Answer:- Force is non-conservative if the work done by that force on a particle that moves between two points depends on the path moves taken between these points.

Answer:- Force is defined as that pull or push which produces or tends to produce, destroys or tends to destroy motion in a body, increases or decreases the speed of the body or changes its direction of motion.

Answer:- This phenomenon, by virtue of which the level of liquid in a capillary tube is different from that outside it, is called capillarity.

Answer:- It is the most common method of expressing concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution.In this method, the concentration is expressed in terms of the volume of oxygen, which is a solution of hydrogen peroxide gives on decomposition.

Answer:- Since the electromagnetic wave is composed of varying electric and magnetic vectors at right angles to eachother, it is called electro-magnetic wave.

Answer:- Waves possessing wavelengths less than 10-¹⁰cm are called gamma (γ) rays.They are produced due to the transition of nuclides from a higher quantum state to a lower one and from conversation of matter into radiation.They are highly penetrating.

Answer:- The maximum value of the electric field at which the di-electric breaks down occurs, in an insulating material, is called the di-electric strength of the material.

Answer:- Radiant emittance of a body at a temperature 'T' is defined as the total amount of energy (for all wavelengths) radiated per unit time,per unit area by the body.

Answer:- In an isolated system (no external force), the algebraic sum of the momenta of bodies, along any straight line, remains constant and is not changed due to their mutual action and reaction on each other.

Answer:- It is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphides of calcium, magnesium and iron in water.This type of hardness of water is also known as non-carbonate hardness.It is named permanent hardness because such a hardness cannot be removed by simply boiling the water.

Answer:- Surface film of a liquid is defined as the portion of liquid lying on the surface and caught between two parallel planes situated molecular range apart.

Statement:- It states that, “if a particle is in equilibrium under the simultaneous action of three forces, each force bears a constant ratio with the sine of the angle between the other two.”

Answer:- It is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium, magnesium and iron dissolved in water.This type of hardness is also known as carbonate hardness.It is named temporary hardness because it can be removed by simply boiling the water.

Answer:- Softening of water is the process of removal of dissolved salts i.e, chlorides  bicarbonates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium.

Answer:- It is impossible to obtain a continuous supply of energy by cooling a body below the coldest of its surroundings.

Answer:- A geostationary satellite is so named because it appears to remain stationary over the same place on earth because the time period of revolution of geostationary satellite is same as that of earth.

Answer:- It is due to the presence of bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium in it.These salts get dissolved in it as it passes through the rocks or ground.

Answer:- If the shared pair of electrons is distributed unequally between the two bonded atoms,then the bond fission is known as heterolytic bond fission.

Answer:- It states that w ork done by a force on a particle is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of that particle.

Answer:- Water which does not readily produce lather with soap solution is known as hard water.Examples of hard water are sea water, river water, well and tap water

Answer:- If the shared pair of electrons is distributed equally between two bonded atoms, the bond fission is known as the homolytic bond fission such a fission is shown by fish hook or half headed curved arrow.

Answer:- Water which readily produces lather with soap solution (in alcohol) is known as soft water.Examples of soft water are distilled water and rain water.

Answer:- It consists of a number of mica sheets arranged one above the other  in such a way that there is a mica sheet in between  every two copper plates.Alternate copper plates are connected to terminals A & B. This way different condensers get connected in parallel with each other.Thus net capacity of the capacitor is equal to the sum of the individual capacities.

Answer:- Solid angle, at any point, is a measure of the total opening as we travel from the point to the boundary of the surface along the surface of the cone having its vertex at the given point.

Answer:- Reaction intermediates are the species which are originally not present in the initial reactants as well as in the final products.They get formed during one step in a reaction and then immediately get consumed in the next step.

Answer:- It is an electrical circuit comprising of a battery, key and a rheostat all in series with a potentiometer wire to send a current through the wire.

Answer:- Half life of a radioactive substance is defined as the time during which the number of atoms of the substance are reduced to half their original value.

Answer:- When the same molecular formula represents two or more structural formulae which differ in the position of substituents, functional group or multiple bond, then such structures are called position isomers and the phenomenon as position Isomerism.

Answer:- A Foucault's pendulum is just a simple pendulum, with a massive bob carried by a very long wire suspended from a rigid support, so as to have equal freedom of oscillation in any direction.

Answer:- The two basic postulates of special theory of relativity are, ★The laws of physics all take the same identical form for all frames of reference in uniform relative motion, I.e for all the inertial frames of reference. ★The velocity of light in free space is the same relative to any inertial frame of reference,I.e, it is invariant to transformation from one inertial frame to another and has thus the same value (C=3×10⁸m/sec) for all observers irrespective of their state of motion.

Answer:- A relation between Refractive index of material of prism and the wavelength of light passing through it.

Answer:- A prism is a wedge-shaped body made from a refracting medium bounded by two plane faces inclined to eachother at some angle

Answer:- A region of earth's atmosphere inbetween stratosphere and mesosphere capable of absorbing harmful radiations from sun.

Answer:- It states that the rate of loss of heat of a body is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the body and surroundings.

Answer:- The repetition of the words of a speaker, caused by the reflection of sound from a distant object, is called an echo.

Answer:- Periodic variations of amplitude resulting from the superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies is known as beats.

Answer:- When the atoms or the groups attached to the two chiral atoms are different, this gives rise to a new pair of molecules, called diastereo isomers.

Answer:- The minimum velocity required to rotate a body in the orbit of earth is called orbital velocity.

Answer:- A central force between two particles is one which is directed along the line joining the two particles & whose magnitude is a function of the distance between them. e.g Gravitational force, Electrostatic force

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Answer:- Anything which possess mass and occupies space is called matter. matter is made up of tiny constituents called molecules.The spacing between any two molecules and hence the force of attraction between them varies in different kinds of matter.

Answer:- It states that the total energy of a small amount of an incompressible,non-viscous liquid flowing without friction from one point to another, in a streamlined flow, remains constant throughout the displacement.

Answer:- The reason is that the formation of alkoxide ion is not favoured as it is not resonance stabilised.Its formation requires more energy.Phenoxide ion, being more stable is easily formed.Hence phenol is much more acidic than alcohol.

Answer:- The probability of finding an electron at a point in an atom is proportional to the square of the orbital wave function.Thus, is called probability density.

Answer:- A linear accelerator is a device which accelerates charged particles in a straight line by means of oscillating electric field that provides either a series of steady accelerating steps in correct phase at a series of gaps between electrodes or accompanies the charged particles as a travelling wave.

Answer:- The differentiation of a function such as ∅(x,y,z...) of two or more independent variables x,y,z etc., with respect to one of them, keeping the others constant, is called partial derivatives.

Answer:- Radiation of electro-magnetic waves into the space is done with the help of a long conductor called an aerial or antenna.

Answer:- It is defined as the ratio of r.m.s. value of a.c. component to that of d.c. value of d.c. component in the output of the rectifier.

Answer:- Efficiency of a rectifier is defined as the ratio between d.c. power output to a.c. input power.

Answer:- In case of an a.c motor a rotating magnetic field is used.Eddy currents are set up in a metallic cylinder placed in the region of rotating magnetic field.Due to these currents, the cylinder, while trying to decrease relative displacement, starts rotating.

Answer:- Dip at a place is defined as the angle between direction of total intensity of earth's magnetic field and a horizontal line in the magnetic meridian at that place.

Answer:- If the plate of the vacuum tube is not given a positive potential, electrons emitted by the filament get collected around it to form a cloud of negative charge.This is called space charge.If not removed it will stop thermonic emission.

Answer:- Molecular orbitals may be defined as the regions in space in which an electron is most likely to be found.The molecular orbital with lower energy is called bonding molecular orbital (more stable).The molecular orbital with higher energy is called anti-bonding molecular orbital.

Answer:- This type of bonding occurs between atoms in a compound in which one atom has lone pair of electron and the other has vacant orbital placed adjacent to each other.

Answer:- Hybridization is the concept of intermixing of the orbitals of an atom having nearly the same energy to give exactly equivalent orbitals with same energy, identical shapes and symmetrical orientations in space.

Answer:- It is an improved form of Wheatstone bridge specially designed for measurement of flow resistances.

Answer:- A line passing through a point midway between the two poles of a magnetic di-pole and perpendicular to its axial line gives the equatorial line of the magnetic dipole.

Answer:- A line passing through the north and south poles of a magnetic di-pole is known as the axial line of the magnetic dipole.

Answer:- Bond enthalpy is defined as the average value of bond dissociation enthalpies of the same type of bonds present in the molecule.

Answer:- Coercivity of a magnetic substance is that value of magnetising field which is required to reduce the residual intensity of magnetisation in the sample to zero.

Answer:- Value of intensity of magnetisation retained by the magnetic substance when the magnetising field is reduced to zero is called residual magnetism or retentivity or remanence.

Answer:- The phenomenon by virtue of which intensity of magnetisation lags behind the magnetising field, when a magnetic substance is taken through a complete cycle of magnetisation, is called hysteresis.

Answer:- It is a circuit whose output is one of the two voltage levels depending on whether the input is greater or less than a pre-set threshold level.

Answer:- This is a device which sends a binary data in which a binary 1 is represented by a positive voltage for the duration of complete symbol period and binary 0 is represented by zero volt.

Answer:- The stations, which become inaccessible to ground waves due to the curvature of earth, can receive waves after reflection from the ionosphere.These waves are called sky waves.

Answer:- It is defined as the ratio between change in plate potential keeping grid potential constant to the change in grid potential keeping plate potential constant, in order to bring about same change in plate current.

Answer:- It is defined as the ratio between change in plate potential keeping grid potential constant to the corresponding change in plate current.

Answer:- In general, optical systems are made up of a large number of refracting surfaces (combination of lenses).To obtain the position of the final image due to such a system becomes complicated as the number of elements of an optical system increases.In this section, we develop the matrix method which can be applied with easy under such situations.

Answer:- These are used to project on the screen a real, inverted and magnified image of an opaque or transparent object so as to be viewed by a large audience.The object is, however, so fitted that its image is seen in erect from.

Answer:- A magnetic field is said to be uniform if it has same strength in magnitude and direction at all the points.It is represented by a set of parallel lines of force.

Answer:- An interference filter is an optical system that will transmit a very narrow range of wavelengths and thus provides a monochromatic beam of light.

Answer:- Photoelasticity is an experimental method to determine stress distribution in various engineering components.The method is mostly used in cases where mathematical methods become quite cumbersome.

Answer:- A retarder is a uniform plate of birefringent material whose optic axis lies in the plane of the plate.Retarders are called quarter-wave plates, half-wave plates and full-wave plates depending  on their action.

Answer:- Fusion splicing is the act of joining two optical fibres end to end using heat.The goal is to fuse the two fibres together in such a way that light passing through the fibres is not scattered or reflected back by the splice, and so that the splice and the region surrounding it are almost as strong as the virgin fibre itself.

Answer:- Fibre optics is a technology in which signals are converted from electrical into optical signals, transmitted through a thin glass fibre and reconverted into electrical signals.

Answer:- A ray that propagates through the fibre undergoing total internal reflection is called meridional ray.

Answer:- It states that intensity of polarized light transmitted through a polarizer is proportional to the square of cosine of the angle between the plane of polarization of the light and the transmission axis of the polarizer.

Answer:- Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the minimum voltage which when applied across the galvanometer produced a deflection, of a spot of light, by 1mm on a scale fixed at a distance of one metre from the reflecting mirror of the galvanometer.

Answer:- Modulation is the process of superimposing the signal to be transmitted on other wave of high frequency called carrier wave so that it can be transmitted to larger distances.

Answer:- In this type of isomerism, the isomers possess the same structural arrangement but differ in the relative spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around the carbon atom.

Answer:- The Corpuscular theory was postulated by ancient Greeks and was favoured by Sir Issac Newton.According to this theory, a luminous body continuously emits tiny, light and elastic particles called corpuscles in all directions.These particles or corpuscles are so small that they can readily travel through the interstices of the particles of matter with the velocity of light and they possess the property of reflection from a polished surface or transmission through a transparent medium.When these particles fall on the retina of the eye, they produce the sensation of vision.

Answer:- The optical path length is defined as the product of refractive index and the geometric path length.

Answer:- A crude oil found under the earth's crust is called petroleum.A large number of organic compounds like saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons are derived from it.

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Answer:- A variable current, in general, is defined as the current which changes in magnitude with time while its direction may or may not change.It is again of two types  (I)  Variable direct current (II) Alternating current

Answer:- An acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water.Hydrogen from the acid combines with hydroxide ion from the base to form water molecules.

Answer:- It is based on the principle that when, an earthed conductor is placed in the neighbourhood of a charged conductor, the capacity of the system increases considerably.

Answer:- It is a combination of four resistances connected in the four arms of a square.A source of e.m.f is connected across two diametrically opposite terminals while a galvanometer is connected between the other pair of terminals.In unbalanced position a current flows through the galvanometer and in a balanced wheatstone bridge there is no current through the galvanometer.

Answer:- It is the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the source of e.m.f when current flows through the circuit.

Answer:- It is the velocity with which the free electrons get drifted towards the positive terminal under the action of applied electric field.

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Answer:- “Stretch first finger, central finger and the thumb of your left hand in mutually perpendicular directions, if the first finger points to the field, central finger points to electric current (motion of the positive charge), the thumb gives the direction of force.”

Answer:- In this type of Isomerism, the isomers differ in the nature of the alkyl groups attached to the same functional group.Ethers, ketones and secondary amines can represent metamers.