Duduli

A filter circuit is a device which removes the a.c. component of rectifier output but allows the d.c. component to reach the load.

Common mode rejection ratio is defined as the ratio of differential input signal to the voltage gain for common mode input signal.

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a circuit that can perform mathematical operation such as addition, subtraction, differentiation & integration.

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is an electronic device that converts light energy from sun into electronic energy.

The phase difference of 180⁰ between the signal voltage and output voltage in a common emitter amplifier is known as phase reversal.

The change of output wave shape from the input wave shape of an amplifier is known as distortion.

A microphone is a device which converts sound wave into electrical waves . When the speakers speak or a musical instrument is played, the variying air pressure on the microphone generates an audio electrical signal which corresponds in frequency to the original signal. The output of microphone is fed to a multistage audio amplifier for raising the strength of weak signal.

The frequency at which parallel resonance occurs (i.e reactive component of circuit current becomes zero) is called the resonant frequency f(r).

Amplifiers which amplify a specific frequency or narrow band of frequencies are called tuned amplifiers.

An electronic device that generates sinusoidal oscillations of desired frequency is known as a sinusoidal oscillator.

The process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input is known as feedback. It is of two types     (i) positive feedback     (ii) Negative feedback ★ Negative feedback is more useful in physics.

The duality principle states that a boolean expression remains valid if operators OR & AND are interchanged and 1's & 0's in the expression are also interchanged.

A differential amplifier is a circuit that can accept two input signals and amplify the difference between these two input signals. Look at the figure

The branch of electronics which deals with the control of power at 50 Hz (i.e supply frequency) is known as power electronics.

It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of a gas through 1⁰C when it's pressure is kept constant.

It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of a gas through 1⁰C when it's volume is kept constant.

The value of a definite integration of f(x,α) is function of α (parameter), F(α) say. To find F'(α), first we have to evaluate the integration of f(x,α) and then differentiate F(α) w.r.t.  α . However, it is not always possible to evaluate the integral and then to find its derivative. Such problems are solved by reversing the order of the integration and differentiation i.e, first differentiate F(x,α) partially w.r.t. ‘‘α’’ and then integrate it.

It is that point on the isothermal for the critical temperature at which the change of state from the gaseous state to the liquid state takes place under constant values of critical pressure & critical volume.

It is defined as the square root of mean of the squares of velocities of individual molecules.

The specific heat of a substance is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance through 1 degree.

Signals are nothing but continuous time- varying voltage or current. Such signals are called continuous or Analog signals. ★ It is convenient to use binary numbers to represent such signals. A binary number has only two digits ‘0’ (say 0V) & ‘1’ (say 5V). ★ In digital electronics we use only these two levels of voltage, two values of the input & output voltage are permissible Such signals are called digital signals.

A gate is a digital circuit that follows certain logical relationship between the input & output voltages, therefore they are generally known as logic gates because they control the flow of information. Logic gates are digital circuit having one or more input but only one output. Logic gate are also known as logic circuit. The logic gates used are  AND,OR,NOT,NAND,NOR, XOR & X NOR .

Parity checker is a circuit which checks odd parity or even parity. If the sum of the binary bits in a word is even then the word has even parity.

An integrated circuit is one in which circuit components such as transistors,diodes, resistors, capacitors etc. are automatically part of a small semiconductor chip.

The changes of phase which take place at constant temperature & pressure & in which heat is either absorbed or evolved during change of phase are called first order phase transitions. → In first order please transitions, the entropy & density (or volume) change.

Gas & vapour states are the two distant stages of the same continuous phenomenon. These two states have distinct boundary which is governed by a particular temperature called the critical temperature. Above the critical temperature the substance is in the gaseous state and below the critical temperature it is in the vapour state.

As we know, in Joule-Thomson porous plug experiment, if a gas at constant high pressure is forced through a porous plug to a region of constant low pressure, the temperature of escaping gas changes. This is called Joule-Thomson effect.

The probability that a molecule will make collision in one second from an instant is called collision probability.

The different layers of a non-equilibrium gas may have different velocities.In such a case, the layer moving faster will import momentum to the layer moving slower to bring about an equilibrium state. Thus, the transport of momentum gives rise to the phenomenon of viscosity. Viscosity is the phenomenon of transportation of momentum.

Second order phase transitions can be defined as the phenomenon that takes place with no change in entropy & volume at constant temperature & pressure. e.g  ★ Transition of a ferromagnetic material to a paramagnetic material at the curie point. ★ Order-disorder transitions in chemical compounds & alloys.

According to the kinetic theory of gases, the molecules are in a state of thermal agitation.The gas, therefore attains a steady state or equilibrium state by transporting momentum, thermal energy and mass from one layer of a gas to another layer, giving rise to the viscosity, conductivity & diffusion respectively & the phenomena is called transport phenomena. →The transport phenomena occur only in the non-equilibrium state of a gas.